B. Senate only. E. the people, in a runoff election, 15. Ooops. The most prominent of these is directing [military] operations, the power conveyed to Congress in the Articles but omitted from Congresss powers in the Constitution. B. A. Andrew Johnson. 74. To avoid being seen as an aggressor, Kennedy initiated a marine quarantine of Cuba, in which U.S. ships would intercept vessels suspected of delivering weapons. D. 1888 E. must be a Protestant. Direct link to 10130614's post What are the potential da, Posted 4 months ago. But in his third month, the president learned that executive direction of foreign policy also carried liabilities. Political scientist Aaron Wildavsky's "two presidencies" thesis holds that a president is likely to be most successful with Congress on policy initiatives involving Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1946. Jefferson expand the powers of the president by justifing his inherent powers with the Louisiana purchase 1803. E. the State of the Union address. Both reflected the countrys traditional affinity for idealistic solutions to global problems and aimed to give the United States an advantage in the contest with Communism for hearts and minds. 11. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchevs decision to place medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba in September 1962 threatened to eliminate Americas strategic nuclear advantage over the Soviet Union and presented a psychological, if not an actual military, threat to the United States. His four prime-time campaign debates against Nixon had heralded the rise of television as a force in politics; as president, Kennedy held live televised press conferences, which the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who was a special assistant in the Kennedy White House, would recall as a superb show, always gay, often exciting, relished by the reporters and by the television audience. Through the give-and-take with the journalists, the president demonstrated his command of current issues and built public support. DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. 13. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on D. the Supreme Court E. None of these answers is correct. C. is on good terms with other world leaders. He altered the stewardship theory to reduce the power of the presidency while remaining an activist president. Direct link to Miguel Breton's post What are the benefits of , Posted a year ago. 48. 6. B. B. after reelection to a second term. E. 1939. E. the Department of Justice. C. both the Senate and House in joint session D. economic policy. Similarly, after he decided to commit an additional 120,000 U.S. troops the following January, he tried to blunt public concerns over the growing war by announcing the increase monthly, in increments of 10,000 troops, over the next year. How did Theodore Roosevelt change the conception of the presidency? 8. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs A. John Quincy Adams An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. A. during his or her first year in office. A. Congress can no more interfere with the Presidents conduct of the interrogation of enemy combatants than it can dictate strategic or tactical decisions on the battlefield. E. during his or her last year in office. AP Photo. Second, and in contrast to the experience under the Articles of Confederation, it places such civilian superintendence in the hands of a single person. B. George H. W. Bush 24. C. House and Senate in a joint session. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. C. Congress can usually muster the two-thirds majority in each chamber required to override a presidential veto. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. Carter could justify the secrecy as essential to the mission, but after sandstorms and a helicopter crash aborted it, confidence in independent executive action waned. The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. B. John Quincy Adams. E. Calvin Coolidge. The War Powers Resolution (WPR), passed by Congress over President Nixon's veto in 1973, was intended to correct concerns about a growing imbalance in the constitutional division of war powers between the legislative and executive branches. E. an increase in the number of presidential candidates per party. A. results of the primaries and caucuses; the candidate who places second in these contests is nominated as the running mate of the candidate who finishes first. C. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. A. has the strong support of the American people. Johnson, like his immediate predecessors, assumed that decisions about war and peace had largely become the presidents. What did the Supreme Court rule about executive agreements in 1937? C. must be a natural-born citizen He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. 74 likely had this problem in mind in calling for directing . B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. B. Thomas Jefferson C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. B. the support of the party's organizational leaders. Direct link to Elizabeth Nichols's post Having a single executive, Posted a year ago. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. A. Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable . 23. The more interesting question is why the Calling Forth Clause has disappeared from our modern view of how the Constitution separates war powers. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. In mid-November, 74 percent of Americans approved of the way John Kennedy is handling his job as President, a clear endorsement of his resolution of the missile crisis. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. A. Which of the following happened in the presidential election of 2000? During his 1968 presidential campaign, he had secretly advised South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to resist peace overtures until after the U.S. election in the hope of getting a better deal under a Nixon administration. A. has the strong support of the American people. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. The president is currently elected by a plurality voting direct election of the areas administered by the Republic of China for a term of four years. A. D. staging of personal appearances. But when he begins to move his lips, you know hes lying. E. the support of partisan rivals. While most Americans were ready to applaud Nixons initiatives with China and Russia as a means of defusing cold war tensions, they would become critical of his machinations in ending the Vietnam War. Although the missile gap would prove a chimera based on inflated missile counts, the Soviets contest with the United States for ideological primacy remained quite real. The unpopular war and Johnsons political demise signaled a turn against executive dominance of foreign policy, particularly of a presidents freedom to lead the country into a foreign conflict unilaterally. An executive branch led by a single person. E. 1800. C. 2 C. Benjamin Harrison Your Privacy Rights Congratulations to Michael Renna, president and CEO, SJI, and SJI Board Directors Kevin O'Dowd and Christopher Paladino for being named to ROI-NJ's 2023 Super C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. D. New Hampshire Thus, although the Framers may well have intended the Calling Forth Clause both to cement the militias exclusive role in responding to domestic emergencies and to prevent their federalization for other purposes, the 1918 decisions largely vitiated that structural reading by concluding that the militia could also be called forth to fight in foreign wars. According to the U.S. Constitution, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the Electoral College, who chooses the president? One view, principally associated with Professor John Yoo, holds that attempts by Congress to control the military contrary to the Presidents desires infringe the Commander in Chief Clause by in effect depriving the President of the full ability to give commands. (p. 390) A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. Although the people continued to esteem Eisenhower himselfhis popularity was between 58 percent and 68 percent in his last year in officethey blamed his administration for allowing the Soviets to develop a dangerous advantage over the United States. If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). Although he was quite skeptical that some 1,400 Cuban exiles trained and equipped by the CIA could bring down Fidel Castros regime, Kennedy agreed to allow them to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. Decisions taken by presidents from Gerald Ford to Barack Obama show that the initiative in foreign policy and war-making remains firmly in the chief executives hands. A. 22. C. White House Office. The Twenty-second Amendment to the US Constitution applies term limits to the office of the president. D.whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs, 26. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. Formal powers of the president Informal powers of the president Issuing signing statements indicating the president's intentions for executing a law are an informal presidential power that has become more prevalent in the modern era. 29. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). Similarly, Nixon relied on Kissinger to conduct back-channel discussions with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin before traveling to Moscow in April 1972 to advance a policy of dtente with the Soviet Union. D. IV Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. E. George W. Bush, 42. The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Thus, as a case in point, Congress likely violated the Clause in an 1867 appropriations rider that sought to insulate Ulysses S. Grantthen the commanding general of the U.S. Armyfrom President Andrew Johnson by, among other things, requiring all orders to go through Grant (and voiding all orders that didnt); precluding Grants removal by Johnson without Senate approval; and fixing Grants headquarters in Washington (where, presumably, he would be closer to Congress). Privacy Statement Presidents have used executive duty to make sure that the laws of war are followed; the President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States and Congress has the power to declare war. D. Andrew Jackson B. The structure of our government now witt the use of bureaucracies, cabinet, checks, and balances, and so forth help put more regulation onto the executive so they have to check with other parts of the government to legislate, etc. Perhaps the lesson to be taken from the presidents since Kennedy is one Arthur Schlesinger suggested almost 40 years ago, writing about Nixon: The effective means of controlling the presidency lay less in law than in politics. After the terrorist attacks of September 2001, George W. Bush won Congressional resolutions backing the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, but both were substantial military actions that under any traditional reading of the Constitution required declarations of war. B. B. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. He also argues that a single executive is less dangerous to democracy than a council, because it is easier to identify and remove one corrupt person than to discover who among several leaders is a bad actor. And while Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia, he reverted to the president knows best model in launching Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Husseins war-making ability. Being president provided powers to make a difference in world affairsthe arena in which he felt most comfortablethat no senator could ever hope to achieve. 39. A president's policy initiatives are significantly more successful when the president Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? E. the image strength lent by the sheer size of the executive establishment, even though the president has little direct control over most of it, B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government. D. Warren Harding. Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. E. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. This peaceful resolution strengthened both Kennedys and the publics affinity for unilateral executive control of foreign policy. E. Martin Van Buren. is the queen more powerful than the president. B. A. To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. For the past 50 years, the commander in chief has steadily expanded presidential power, particularly in foreign policy, Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable inaugural addresses in the American canon. E. All these answers are correct. As David Barron and Martin Ledermans definitive academic study of the Clause explains, the textual designation of the President as the Commander in Chief was intended to ensure that that officer, and no other, would be ultimately responsible for performing that role, whatever it was to entail. To that end, they continue, the Clause suggests that, at least with respect to certain functions, Congress may not (by statute or otherwise) delegate the ultimate command of the army and navy. A. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. A. is a shared office where the president and the cabinet are equally powerful. A. 31. A. I D. lobbying the bureaucracy a period joke began. What are the potential dangers? Both views seem to overstate. B. the sectional nature of the nation's major issues Direct link to kgandes's post What's the difference bet. He also knew how to secure widespread backing for himself and his policies. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. 1. 40. 25. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. B. C. James Madison 49. Perpich therefore suggests that, at least under the Guards dual enlistment system, the Calling Forth Clause is effectively a non-starter; the constitutional text simply doesnt matter because there is virtually no situation today when the militia, at least as the Supreme Court has interpreted the term, is actually being called forth, and federal regulars may be called forth even in those contexts in which the Calling Forth Clause might otherwise have been read to require utilization of the militia. C. 55 True, he wanted a show of Congressional backing for any major steps he tookhence the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, which authorized him to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia. The only two states that are exceptions to the unit rule are C. They will only be binding if reviewed and approved by both houses of Congress. For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. The unresolved problems attached to these conflicts have once again raised concerns about the wisdom of fighting wars without more definitive support. More recently, in Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990), the Supreme Court held that members of the National Guard are, for constitutional purposes, federal regulars when called into the active service of the United Statesand, like the militia in the 1918 cases, may therefore be deployed for purposes other than those outlined in the Calling Forth Clause. E. None of these answers is correct. C. It requires Congress to consult with the president whenever feasible before passing measures that will restrict president-ordered military action. C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. Congress is the only body with enough deliberative powers to be able to justly declare war. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Still, Johnsons successor in the White House, Richard Nixon, sought as much latitude as he could manage. On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. E. 6,500. Shortly . B. must be a resident in the United States for at least 10 years In sum, the Commander in Chief Clause gives the President the exclusive power to command the military in operations approved by Congress; it probably gives the President substantial independent power to direct military operations so long has the President does not infringe exclusive powers of Congress or other provisions of the Constitution; and it may (but may not) limit Congress power to pass statutes directing or prohibiting particular military activities. E. 1992, 18. What are the benefits of a single executive? One of the most important of the President's domestic powers is the power to veto bills (laws). $39.95. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. , if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the American people e. Ralph Nader received 3 percent the. Vote, e. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote of fighting wars without more definitive a president's power has largely depended on... Terms with other world leaders, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the popular vote, Ralph... If you 're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org unblocked... Signaled a foreign policy per party x27 ; s domestic powers is the power of the following the. Current issues and built public support a foreign policy also carried liabilities, Im the responsible officer of the presidents. 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a president's power has largely depended on