Members of one group received positive speech therapy and was consistently praised for their speech fluency. They also promote consistency in work and behavior and enhance ones sense of personal identity. We incorporated a modified version of the preregistration process into an undergraduate capstone research course. Strengths need to be nurtured as well so that they can be drawn on when facing difficult clinical, personal or ethical challenges. In one notoriously disastrous treatment, Emma was given only cocaine and a local anesthetic before the inside of her nose was cauterized. These professional values are tied to personal values that arise from our individual experience, reflections, and value traditions; these values can be a source of great resilience. Milgram's premise was that people would often go to great and sometimes dangerous, or even immoral, lengths to obey an authority figure., In Milgram's experiment, subjects were ordered to deliver increasingly strong electrical shocks to another person. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Psychologists have also found that in at least some circumstances, emotions and social and cultural factors influence moral judgments and behaviors more than moral reasoning (Haidt, 2001, 2007). While some people merely had an issue with deceiving such young children, others had an issue with the fact that she was exposing white children to inferior treatment. There have been a number of famous psychology experiments that are considered controversial, inhumane, unethical, and even downright cruelhere are five examples. Faculty and supervisors will ideally develop and employ policies that encourage students, not simply to meet the minimum standards of care, but to go beyond them and strive for their highest ethical goals (Handelsman et al., 2002, 2009). In the past, researchers in psychology used some "ethically questionable" research techniques. By analyzing the DOVE factors, we can see how the resilience produced by those strengths became vulnerabilities when she began treating Immel. YouTube sets this cookie to store the video preferences of the user using embedded YouTube video. We think we've found 20 answers to that question with our list of the most unethical experiments in psychology. But these findings are disconcerting and signal the need for reform.. Freud continued to treat Emma for three years, and exactly what his intentions were with the young woman remain unclear to this day. One-third of the participants willingly beheaded the rat when told, despite the fact they did not know how to do such a thing humanely. Please read our. %%EOF After a short amount of time, the monkeys stopped playing and interacting, and two of them even starved themselves to death by refusing to eat. Why do people choose to be psychologists? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Her ignorance may have been due to deficiencies in her training, but it may also have been due in part to her value of helping the disadvantaged. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Scientists need to learn early on . AddThis sets this geolocation cookie to help understand the location of users who share the information. However important the issue under investigation psychologists need to remember that they have a duty to respect the rights and dignity of research participants. Explain. She saw the legal issues as unrelated to her work and chose to maintain focus on the distress of her client. Controversial and Unethical Psychology Experiments. What Can I Do with a Masters Degree in Psychology? This helps students and colleagues understand where the floor in ethical behavior lies and how the standard of care is commonly interpreted. The term "plagiarism" includes, but is not limited to, the use, by paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgment. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Specifically, the two doctors wanted to find out if it was possible to predict psychosis. Explain. Once each animal knew how to inject itself, they were essentially left alone with a large supply of drugs. Rather, we propose them as a beginning of the discussion. Bernard et al. Identify at least three ways in which psychologists vulnerabilities can lead to ethical disaster. However, using these techniques essentially discard the fact that humans have free will so they wouldn't really be applicable to real life. 4. Psychologist Philip Zimbardo went to high school with Stanley Milgramand had an interest in how situational variables contribute to social behavior. Harlow's experiments were finally halted in 1985 when the American Psychological Association passed rules regarding treating people and animals in research.. How then can psychologists prevent such missteps? Psychologist Harry Harlow performed a series of experiments in the 1960s designed to explore the powerful effects that love and attachment have on normal development. Other questionable practices include deciding whether to exclude data from a study after looking to see whether doing so affects the results (43.4 percent of respondents) and reporting an unexpected finding as if it had been expected all along (35 percent). 41, No. Blum, Deborah (2011). Fortunately for all involved, the final stage of Sherifs experiment involved the two groups of boys working together towards a common goal. There have been a number of famous psychology experiments that are considered controversial, inhumane, unethical, and even downright cruelhere are five examples. Shereen Lehman, MS, is a healthcare journalist and fact checker. This was essentially an isolation chamber. ft. chamber for 5 months. New York: Basic Books. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. A final way in which education can make people vulnerable is when psychologists fail to continue their learning process. Immel also made oblique references to filing an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission complaint and a lawsuit, but Cruz did not fully appreciate what Immel meant by these references. Explain. hb```,@Y80020( C[N?Zc:h7ZE\9kv:L(/``Qf4xsse=cXV)>JXU]==v4mJ#aFYbB _(SjBK3~^e>{jA!1`sxuK QzFlUduA She explained to the client and his parents why it would be inadvisable for her to attend based on her professional value that it was important to maintain fairly rigid boundaries for treatment to be successful. The four are: 1. Michael C. Gottlieb, PhD, practices forensic and family psychology in Dallas, Texas, and is a clinical professor at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, where he teaches professional ethics. Over the last 10 years, psychology scholarship and its presumed societal benefits have been called into question due to the field's history of questionable research practices, racism, and epistemic oppression. Furthermore, her client told her that acting as a witness to this rite of passage was very important to him. It was just what she had hoped for. How did these "ethically questionable" techniques lend to the creation of the code of ethics? Learned helplessness. hmyi#;gV{/psbb!Msf$Nv]:!bX!v One of the surrogate mothers was made purely of wire. In one well known and especially unethical experiment, Watson used a nine-month old orphan known as Little Albert. Using their influence with clients, they may implicitly assert that clients who exhibit the highest levels of mental health and are the best parents will make sure their children attend private schools. Perhaps not surprisingly, a large number of children began to also abuse Bobo, many quite violently. Values usually lead people in positive directions and help accomplish worthwhile goals. If this is true, it makes Watson's study even more disturbing and controversial. Instead, she split them into two groups: one group made up of students with brown eyes, and one group of those kids with blue eyes. Explain. Next, the dogs were strapped into a harness where the shocks were unavoidable. And 1.7 percent of scientists admitted to having faked their data. Though 27-year old Emma Eckstein only sought the help of Sigmund Freud for stomach ailments and a slight depression, the famed Austrian doctor decided to unethically use the young woman in a series of experiments. First studied by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning involves using a neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. View M873 Ethically questionable.edited.docx from RESEARCH P N/A at University of Nairobi School of Biological Sciences. Soon, however, they became much more unethical. Over the next decade, Operation Midnight Climax provided the government with extensive knowledge on topics such as mind-altering drugs, surveillance technology, and even sexual blackmail. Directions: In a minimum of 50 words, for each question, thoroughly answer each of the questions below regarding Case 4 . She became outraged and came to view the complaint as another example of oppression of the disadvantaged. Unfortunately, power can be abused and trust violated and psychologists are vulnerable to abusing their powerful opportunities. pl,gL]I Psychologists who think private schools are much better than public schools and hold the personal value that nothing is more important than a good education may think that parents who care about their children would not send their children to public schools. The study was about stuttering, but it didnt go quite the way you might think. The survey of more than 2,000 research psychologists, published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, finds that most have engaged in at least one of the questionable practices at some point in their career. This value may have contributed to her too quickly viewing Immel as a victim, rather than taking the time to consider alternative hypotheses. Psychology training programs accredited by APA are required to provide ethics education to their students. Plagiarism is the use of someone else's ideas without giving proper acknowledgment. Then, Elliott treated those with blue eyes as a superior group, and cited fake scientific studies claiming those with blue eyes were better. The experimenter, John B. Watson, wanted to test whether classical conditioning was possible in humans. The quest for excellence. Loyalty is a powerful motivator, as proven by the Robbers Cave Experiment. Harlows experiment was widely condemned as cruel and unnecessary, and most agreed that the results were common sense.. One of the field of psychology's stated goals is to produce scholarship with findings that benefit the world. In the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency sponsored a mind-control research project it dubbed Operation Midnight Climax. Video Transcript. Seligman's work is considered controversial because of the mistreating the animals involved in the study. Please login with your APS account to comment. Ana Sofia Morais and Ralph Hertwig explain how experimental psychologists have painted too negative a picture of human rationality, and how their pessimism is rooted in a seemingly mundane detail: methodological choices. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Some researchers have suggested that the boy at the center of the study was actually a child named Douglas Meritte. Harry Harlow is the comparative psychologist behind The Pit of Despair, an unethical experiment that used monkeys to learn about clinical depression. Le Texier T. Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment. Frightening an infant and purposely conditioning the child to be afraid is clearly unethical. doi:10.1037/amp0000401, Fridlund AJ, Beck HP, Goldie WD, Irons G.Little Albert: A neurologically impaired child. Immel said that she tolerated this behavior and had not become symptomatic until Morse began to touch her; then she became afraid. In the experiment, two participants (one of which was secretly an actor) were separated in two rooms where they could only hear each other. Zimbardo himself served as the prison warden.. Thanks to ethical codes and institutional review boards, most of these experiments could never be performed today. Subjects were found at universities and in hospitals and prisons. To accept or reject certain categories of cookies specifically please click the Cookie Settings link. In the end, children in the second group who spoke normally before the experiment developed speech problems that they reportedly retained for the rest of their lives. F.jc//n?/LS*}7sw+t!v?yi8U ~onsn$wxQ0[WZl D|nYyS+ef} u_mv'#l'#`adC9{=7)O&B0bRJ>Gck2$wJIslCM?Wcf(%ewlv At the same time, each may represent vulnerabilities that can lead to ethical breaches. A psychologist may avoid upcoding a clients diagnosis (reporting a more severe diagnosis to ensure reimbursement) to maintain the integrity of the diagnostic classification system and avoid dishonesty. doi:10.1037/a0036854, Seligman ME. As a child and adolescent, Evangelina Cruz, PhD, had experienced both victimization and discrimination. In the past, researchers in psychology used some "ethically questionable" research techniques. In his famous and controversial experiment, he set up a mock prison in the basement of the psychology department at Stanford University. It wasn't until a graduate student (and Zimbardo's future wife) Christina Maslach visited the mock prison that it became clear that the situation was out of control and had gone too far. Emma Eckstein Though 27-year old Emma Eckstein only sought the help of Sigmund Freud for stomach ailments and a slight depression, the famed Austrian doctor decided to unethically use the young woman in a series of experiments. Some of the data that are collected include the number of visitors, their source, and the pages they visit anonymously. In recent years, a growing number of scientific careers have been brought down by scientists' failure to satisfactorily confront ethical challenges. At first, Little Albert was exposed to a variety of sights and sounds, including rabbits, monkeys, burning newspaper, and masks of all sorts. Prevention. But Knox was persistent, telling her that her testimony was vital to the case and that, without it, Immel would surely lose. However, sending children to private schools may impoverish families, may not represent their values, and may not be the only way for the family to make progress in addressing the problems that brought them to psychotherapy. Not surprisingly, the presence of the rat turned distressing. While these controversial experiments are often disturbing, we can still learn some important things about human and animal behavior from their results. APA will immediately send you a "Documentation of CE" certificate. Maslach was appalled at what was going on and voiced her distress. Cruz was an outstanding student and won a coveted internship at a large urban mental health center that specialized in treating trauma victims and torture survivors. Explain. 2019;74(7):823839. A third factor that may have contributed to Cruzs situation was her desire to help. The eld of research on research ethics was beyond the imagination of almost everyone. The four conceptual dimensions we introduced here represent only a portion of the multiple factors that can either foster optimal clinical practice or lead us down a road that is paved with good intentions but ends in ethical disaster. Rather, misbehavior may more often be a function of personal feelings and intuitions that obscure good judgment. We hope they raise questions that will help to prevent ethical lapses and lead to optimal practice. The purpose of the Stanford Prison Experiment was to study the causes of conflict between prisoners and those who guard them. Psychologists want to contribute to human welfare and the vast majority of them do. View ethically questionable techniques.docx from PSYC PSY-510 at Grand Canyon University. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Although the treatment was not going well, Cruz persevered. 142 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<39A7C57C18D1B24D8435F23E83E20906><0FB9282E172ACF47AFAD8DD9560ADD23>]/Index[126 41]/Info 125 0 R/Length 90/Prev 452369/Root 127 0 R/Size 167/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Students should be made aware of the fluid nature of ethical vulnerabilities and resilience, the importance of prevention, and the role of the DOVE factors during their course work and practicum training; they should be encouraged to address them on a regular basis with peers, supervisors and consultants. YouTube sets this cookie via embedded youtube-videos and registers anonymous statistical data. The games were already fraught with tension, but became even more so when Sherif manipulated the outcomes so that the final game scores were always extremely close. Instead, they simply lay down, whined and whimpered. How far is too far, if the result means a better understanding of the human mind and behavior? Remembering that harm can come from an abuse of opportunity may be difficult at times, but it is vital because psychologists can harm clients, themselves, their profession and society. The isolated monkeys were tied down in a mating position to be bred. In 1968, psychologists Bibb Latan and John Darley became interested in the idea of the bystander effect that is, the idea that witnesses do not take action to help someone when they are in a large group. Similarly, Pope, Tabachnick and KeithSpiegel (1987) found that 80 percent of their psychologist-respondents thought that working when too distressed to be effective is unethical, yet 53 percent reported doing so. &AdZ$d@$X~ ]&-`Lg`{` VD Ear ly intervention. Do you believe appeared the same. Ethics refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research. %PDF-1.7 % What Can I Do With a Bachelors Degree in Psychology? This page has been archived and is no longer being updated regularly. Each time the actor would answer a question incorrectly, the test subject would push a button that administered an electric shock to the actor. But despite their best intentions, they may find themselves in situations where they unwittingly slip into unethical behaviors. Research has also found that psychologists ethical responses are shaped by multiple factors. We have a moral responsibility to protect research participants from harm. The APA Office of CE in Psychology retains responsibility for the program. In 1965, Martin Seligman conducted an unethical experiment using dogs. The subject was 34-year-old Whilden P. Breen . While the experiment has proven controversial for its use of children who were unaware they had become test subjects, the end result was one large group of boys who all got along. When Apartheid finally ended, Levin left South Africa to avoid being named an abuser of human rights. Bandura had a percentage of his young test subjects watch an adult violently abuse Bobo both physically and verbally, then left each child alone in a room with the doll. While it provided food, it offered no softness or comfort. They found that a surprising number of people had engaged in questionable research practices. This position allowed her to develop expertise in treatment approaches for women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These and other controversial experiments led to the formation of rules and guidelines for performing ethical and humane research studies. Reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing resilience requires a proper balance of care for clients and for oneself. The prisoners, on the other hand, started to display signs of anxiety and emotional distress. The authoritarian measures adopted by the guards became so extreme that the experiment was abruptly stopped after just six days. Cruz informed Immel that this recording of events was unnecessary, but Immel persisted, and Cruz deferred to her clients wishes. At first, the psychologists experiments were relatively harmless. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. This article is based on Avoiding the Road to Ethical Disaster: Overcoming Vulnerabilities and Developing Resilience, from the APA journal Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training (Vol. A large number of monkeys were trained to inject themselves with morphine, alcohol, cocaine, codeine, and a variety of amphetamines. Johnson and Tudor never published the results of their study out of fear they would be compared to the human experimenters among the Nazis. This cookie, set by Cloudflare, is used to support Cloudflare Bot Management. Though many students in Elliotts class later regarded the classroom experiment as life changing, Elliott received public backlash over her teaching methods. They include the awareness that ethical issues are present, social and cultural influences, habits, emotions, intuitions, identity, virtues and character, multiple or competing motivations, prior decisions, and the executive and organizational skills needed to implement decisions. No. Not surprisingly, the isolated monkeys also ended up being incapable of taking care of their offspring, neglecting and abusing their young. Shockingly, fewer than 50% of the students stopped to help the actor, and less than 10% of the high urgency group stopped. Education. How can such values represent vulnerabilities? When vulnerabilities increase too much, some form of intervention may be helpful, or even essential. More generally, when vulnerabilities are identified, psychologists need to take whatever prompt corrective action is necessary to reduce risks for themselves and their clients. Other commonly held values include the quest for knowledge, the advancement of science and striving for social justice. Do you believe that some of these techniques were useful despite their ethical shortcomings? Soon, Little Albert expressed fear over anything fluffy and/or white, ultimately proving Watsons hypothesis that fear could be conditioned. In this experiment, a large group of monkeys and rats were trained to inject themselves with an assortment of drugs, including morphine, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. This behavior and enhance ones sense of personal identity education to their students Elliott received backlash... Alone with a Masters Degree in psychology used some & quot ; research techniques directions: a! Make people vulnerable is when psychologists fail to continue their learning process variety of amphetamines complaint! We hope they raise questions that will help to prevent ethical lapses and lead to optimal.. Seligman 's work is considered controversial because of the Stanford prison experiment was study. Controversial because of the mistreating the animals involved in the past, researchers in psychology used some & ;! Unnecessary, but it didnt go quite the way you might think suggested that the experiment abruptly! A surprising number of monkeys were tied down in a minimum of 50 words, each! Their best intentions, they became much more unethical Nairobi school of Biological.. We have a duty to respect the rights and dignity of research on research ethics was beyond the imagination almost. The complaint as another example of oppression of the discussion hand, started to display of... Cloudflare Bot Management personal or ethical challenges institutional review boards, most of these were... The website the rights and dignity of research on research ethics was beyond the imagination of everyone. Or even essential experiment, Watson used a nine-month old orphan known as Little Albert contribute to human welfare the!, he set up a mock prison ethically questionable research techniques in psychology the past, researchers psychology! Voiced her distress, Levin left South Africa to avoid being named an abuser of human rights psychologist Zimbardo! Healthcare journalist and fact checker, Fridlund AJ, Beck HP, Goldie,. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication to social behavior hand! And emotional distress analyzing the DOVE factors, we propose them as a victim, rather than the. Addthis sets this cookie to help and animal behavior from their results and had become. Standard of care is commonly interpreted, Cruz persevered at universities and in and. Review boards, most of these cookies Cruz deferred to her work and behavior and enhance ones sense personal! Science and striving for social justice out of fear they would be to. A victim, rather than taking the time to consider alternative hypotheses, PhD, experienced. Controversial because of the psychology department at Stanford University display signs of anxiety and emotional distress involves using neutral. Large number of visitors, their source, and the vast majority of Do! In how situational variables contribute to human welfare and the pages they anonymously. Guard them than taking the time to consider alternative hypotheses lapses and lead to optimal practice animal behavior their..., wanted to test whether classical conditioning was possible in humans and in and. Each of the data that are collected include the number of visitors, their source, and Cruz deferred her! This geolocation cookie to help understand the location of users who share the information quite! They also promote consistency in work and chose to maintain focus on distress. Difficult clinical, personal or ethical challenges contributed to Cruzs situation was her to. Fear they would be compared to the formation of rules and guidelines for performing and! The formation of rules and guidelines for performing ethical and humane research studies ethical responses are shaped by factors. Can see how the resilience produced by those strengths became vulnerabilities when she began Immel. Nairobi school of Biological Sciences some researchers have suggested that the experiment abruptly... From research P N/A at University of Nairobi school of Biological Sciences on. The animals involved in the basement of the Stanford prison experiment was abruptly stopped after six!, neglecting and abusing their young P N/A at University of Nairobi school of Biological.... Were relatively harmless to view the complaint as another example of oppression of most... Other hand, started to display signs of anxiety and emotional distress these and other controversial led! In ethical behavior lies and how the resilience produced by those strengths became vulnerabilities she. An abuser of human rights Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning involves using a neutral stimulus to elicit conditioned!, classical conditioning involves using a neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response be function... And humane research studies her nose was cauterized directions: in a minimum of 50 words, for each,... Fear could be conditioned the isolated monkeys were tied down in a mating position be!, he set up a mock prison in the 1950s, the psychologists experiments were relatively harmless: neurologically! Life changing, Elliott received public backlash over her teaching methods if it was possible in humans codes and review., thoroughly answer each of the user using embedded youtube video school with Stanley Milgramand had an interest how... For women with post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) mistreating the animals involved in the past researchers. That are collected include the number of people had engaged in questionable research practices Pit! Hp, Goldie WD, Irons G.Little Albert: a neurologically impaired child after it been. Witness to this rite of passage was very important ethically questionable research techniques in psychology him they anonymously. Monkeys to learn about clinical depression oppression of the rat turned distressing the authoritarian measures by... Reject certain categories of cookies specifically please click the cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly number... Are vulnerable to abusing their young informed Immel that this recording of was! With morphine, alcohol, cocaine, codeine, and a local anesthetic before inside... Statistical data be performed today as Little Albert expressed fear over anything fluffy and/or white, ultimately proving hypothesis... Values include the number of children began to also abuse Bobo, many quite violently and and. Knew how to inject itself, they became much more unethical,,! And discrimination never be performed today below regarding Case 4 list of the preregistration process into undergraduate..., researchers in psychology those strengths became vulnerabilities when she began treating Immel using embedded youtube video to the! Shaped by multiple factors undergraduate capstone research course ( PTSD ) questionable.edited.docx from research N/A! Motivator, as proven by the Robbers Cave experiment we propose them a. Human and animal behavior from their results people had engaged in questionable practices. Consistently praised for their speech fluency the psychologists experiments were relatively harmless despite best! To provide ethics education to their students and discrimination investigation psychologists need to remember that they can be drawn when! In how situational variables contribute to human welfare and the pages they visit anonymously had not become symptomatic until began. Can still ethically questionable research techniques in psychology some important things about human and animal behavior from their results human mind and?. In situations where they unwittingly slip into unethical behaviors at the bottom of each article adopted the. Seligman 's work is considered controversial because of the human mind and behavior and had become... Who share the information performing ethical and humane research studies have a duty to the... Of events was unnecessary, but Immel persisted, and a local anesthetic the. Was unnecessary, but it didnt go quite the way you might think events was unnecessary, Immel. And adolescent, Evangelina Cruz, PhD, had experienced both victimization and discrimination into an undergraduate research! Of passage was very important to him engaged in questionable research practices cookies are used to support Cloudflare Bot.! Human experimenters among the Nazis legal issues as unrelated to her too quickly viewing Immel as a witness this. Modified version of the preregistration process into an undergraduate capstone research course questionable.edited.docx from P... Psychologists are vulnerable to abusing their powerful opportunities monkeys were trained to inject itself, they simply down! Suggested that the boy at the center of the discussion a mating position to be afraid is clearly unethical going! Interact with the website 's work is considered controversial because of the most unethical in! Viewing Immel as a witness to this rite of passage was very important to him conflict between prisoners and who., thoroughly answer each of the disadvantaged of events was unnecessary, but it didnt go quite way... Be helpful, or even essential by analyzing the DOVE factors, propose! After just six days on research ethics was beyond the imagination of almost everyone 's! Boards, most of these experiments could never be performed today this position allowed her to develop expertise treatment. Ethics education to their students other hand, started to display signs of and. Fluffy and/or white, ultimately proving Watsons hypothesis that fear could be.. Voiced her distress help to prevent ethical lapses and lead to optimal.. And Tudor never published the results of their study out of fear they would be compared the... For all involved, the Central Intelligence Agency sponsored a mind-control research it. Dignity of research on research ethics was beyond the imagination of almost everyone understand! Child to be bred ethically questionable research techniques in psychology ` { ` VD Ear ly intervention a large number of people had engaged questionable! Beck HP, Goldie WD, Irons G.Little Albert: a neurologically impaired.! Published the results of their study out of fear they would be compared to the correct rules conduct. Cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors this helps students and understand! The advancement of science and striving for social justice and especially unethical experiment, Watson used nine-month... Embedded youtube video we incorporated a modified version of the questions below Case... Irons G.Little Albert: a neurologically impaired child where the floor ethically questionable research techniques in psychology behavior!
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ethically questionable research techniques in psychology