Which commander is known as Barbarossa? No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. LORD SHIVAJI. As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Royal Family of Norway. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. The destruction was so great that the invasion was delayed for a year. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). The younger Louis was challenged by Henry of Anjou (11331189), who took the English throne as Henry II (ruled 115489) in 1154. Nationality: France. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. But the discovery of a Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. This policy continued for more than twenty years. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. He also increased his power in Languedoc and Toulouse in the south. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. answer choices. power of the great feudal lords. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. He lost power to John Dudley (15021553), earl of Warwick, who was the most important figure in the government for the remainder of Edward's reign. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Under her command, the French won several important battles. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. successor to the throne. At the top were kings, who owned the land. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. and the southwestern United States. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. Civil wars were also taking a toll, as powerful families struggled over control of duchies in France. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. (February 22, 2023). 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom